Systems and methods document narration

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are techniques and systems to provide a narration of a text in multiple different voices. In some aspects, systems and methods described herein can include receiving a user-based selection of a first portion of words in a document where the document has a pre-associated first voice model and overwriting the association of the first voice model, by the one or more computers, with a second voice model for the first portion of words.

This application claims priority from and incorporates herein U.S.application Ser. No. 12/687,196, filed Jan. 14, 2010, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/144,947, filed Jan. 15, 2009, and entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORSELECTION OF MULTIPLE VOICES FOR DOCUMENT NARRATION.”

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to educational and entertainment toolsand more particularly to techniques and systems which are used toprovide a narration of a text.

Recent advances in computer technology and speech synthesis have openedvarious possibilities for the artificial production of human speech. Acomputer system used for artificial production of human speech can becalled a speech synthesizer. One type of speech synthesizer istext-to-speech (TTS) system which converts normal language text intospeech.

SUMMARY

Educational and entertainment tools and more particularly techniques andsystems which are used to provide a narration of a text are describedherein.

Systems, software and methods enabling a user to select different voicemodels to apply to different portions of text such that when the systemreads the text the different portions are read using the different voicemodels are described herein.

In some aspects, a computer implemented method includes receiving auser-based selection of a first portion of words in a document, at leastof portion of the document being displayed on a user interface on adisplay device, the document being pre-associated with a first voicemodel. The method also includes applying, by the one or more computers,in response to the user-based selection of the first portion of words, afirst set of indicia to the user-selected first portion of words in thedocument. The method also includes overwriting the association of thefirst voice model, by the one or more computers, with a second voicemodel for the first portion of words. Embodiments may also includedevices, software, components, and/or systems to perform any featuresdescribed herein.

The methods, computer program products, and systems described herein canprovide one or more of the following advantages. Pre-associating a voicemodel with a document and enabling a user to overwrite the voice modelwith a different voice model for selected portions of words in thedocument provides the advantage of enabling a user to select one or moreportions of the text to be read using a voice model that is differentfrom the narrator's voice model. It is believed that this can beadvantageous because using multiple voices when reading the document canproduce an audio output that is more interesting and engaging for auser. Enabling the user to overwrite the voice model that ispreassociated with the document can also provide the advantage ofallowing the user to associate different voice models with differentportions of the document. For example, if the document is a play scripteach role in the play can be selected and associated with a differentvoice model while background information or other non-entity read partscan be read using the narrator's voice.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for producing speech-based outputfrom text.

FIG. 2 is a screenshot depicting text.

FIG. 3 is a screenshot of text that includes highlighting of portions ofthe text based on a narration voice.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a voice painting process.

FIG. 5 is a screenshot of a character addition process.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a character addition process.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of text with tagged narration data.

FIG. 8 is a screenshot of text with tagged narration information.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of text with highlighting.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a synchronization process.

FIG. 11 is a screenshot of a book view of text.

FIG. 12 is a screenshot of text.

FIG. 13 is a screenshot of text.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to FIG. 1, a system 10 for producing speech-based outputfrom text is shown to include a computer 12. The computer 12 isgenerally a personal computer or can alternatively be another type ofdevice, e.g., a cellular phone that includes a processor (e.g., CPU).Examples of such cell-phones include an iPhone® (Apple, Inc.). Otherdevices include an iPod® (Apple, Inc.), a handheld personal digitalassistant, a tablet computer, a digital camera, an electronic bookreader, etc. In addition to a processor, the device includes a mainmemory and a cache memory and interface circuits, e.g., bus and I/Ointerfaces (not shown). The computer system 12 includes a mass storageelement 16, here typically the hard drive associated with personalcomputer systems or other types of mass storage, Flash memory, ROM,PROM, etc.

The system 10 further includes a standard PC type keyboard 18, astandard monitor 20 as well as speakers 22, a pointing device such as amouse and optionally a scanner 24 all coupled to various ports of thecomputer system 12 via appropriate interfaces and software drivers (notshown). The computer system 12 can operate under a Microsoft Windowsoperating system although other systems could alternatively be used.

Resident on the mass storage element 16 is narration software 30 thatcontrols the narration of an electronic document stored on the computer12 (e.g., controls generation of speech and/or audio that is associatedwith (e.g.,. narrates) text in a document). Narration software 30includes an edit software 30 a that allows a user to edit a document andassign one or more voices or audio recordings to text (e.g., sequencesof words) in the document and can include playback software 30 b thatreads aloud the text from the document, as the text is displayed on thecomputer's monitor 20 during a playback mode.

Text is narrated by the narration software 30 using several possibletechnologies: text-to-speech (TTS); audio recording of speech; andpossibly in combination with speech, audio recordings of music (e.g.,background music) and sound effects (e.g., brief sounds such asgunshots, door slamming, tea kettle boiling, etc.). The narrationsoftware 30 controls generation of speech, by controlling a particularcomputer voice (or audio recording) stored on the computer 12, causingthat voice to be rendered through the computer's speakers 22. Narrationsoftware often uses a text-to-speech (TTS) voice which artificiallysynthesizes a voice by converting normal language text into speech. TTSvoices vary in quality and naturalness. Some TTS voices are produced bysynthesizing the sounds for speech using rules in a way which results ina voice that sounds artificial, and which some would describe asrobotic. Another way to produce TTS voices concatenates small parts ofspeech which were recorded from an actual person. This concatenated TTSsounds more natural. Another way to narrate, other than TTS, is play anaudio recording of a person reading the text, such as, for example, abook on tape recording. The audio recording may include more than oneactor speaking, and may include other sounds besides speech, such assound effects or background music. Additionally, the computer voices canbe associated with different languages (e.g., English, French, Spanish,Cantonese, Japanese, etc).

In addition, the narration software 30 permits the user to select andoptionally modify a particular voice model which defines and controlsaspects of the computer voice, including for example, the speaking speedand volume. The voice model includes the language of the computer voice.The voice model may be selected from a database that includes multiplevoice models to apply to selected portions of the document. A voicemodel can have other parameters associated with it besides the voiceitself and the language, speed and volume, including, for example,gender (male or female), age (e.g. child or adult), voice pitch, visualindication (such as a particular color of highlighting) of document textthat is associated with this voice model, emotion (e.g. angry, sad,etc.), intensity (e.g. mumble, whisper, conversational, projecting voiceas at a party, yell, shout). The user can select different voice modelsto apply to different portions of text such that when the system 10reads the text the different portions are read using the different voicemodels. The system can also provide a visual indication, such ashighlighting, of which portions are associated with which voice modelsin the electronic document.

Referring to FIG. 2, text 50 is rendered on a user display 51. As shown,the text 50 includes only words and does not include images. However, insome examples, the text could include portions that are composed ofimages and portions that are composed of words. The text 50 is atechnical paper, namely, “The Nature and Origin of InstructionalObjects.” Exemplary texts include but not limited to electronic versionsof books, word processor documents, PDF files, electronic versions ofnewspapers, magazines, fliers, pamphlets, menus, scripts, plays, and thelike. The system 10 can read the text using one or more stored voicemodels. In some examples, the system 10 reads different portions of thetext 50 using different voice models. For example, if the text includesmultiple characters, a listener may find listening to the text moreengaging if different voices are used for each of the characters in thetext rather than using a single voice for the entire narration of thetext. In another example, extremely important or key points could beemphasized by using a different voice model to recite those portions ofthe text.

As used herein a “character” refers to an entity and is typically storedas a data structure or file, etc. on computer storage media and includesa graphical representation, e.g., picture, animation, or anothergraphical representation of the entity and which may in some embodimentsbe associated with a voice model. A “mood” refers to an instantiation ofa voice model according to a particular “mood attribute” that is desiredfor the character. A character can have multiple associated moods. “Moodattributes” can be various attributes of a character. For instance, oneattribute can be “normal,” other attributes include “happy,” “sad,”“tired,” “energetic,” “fast talking,” “slow talking,” “native language,”“foreign language,” “hushed voice “loud voice,” etc. Mood attributes caninclude varying features such as speed of playback, volumes, pitch, etc.or can be the result of recording different voices corresponding to thedifferent moods.

For example, for a character, “Homer Simpson” the character includes agraphical depiction of Homer Simpson and a voice model that replicates avoice associated with Homer Simpson. Homer Simpson can have variousmoods, (flavors or instantiations of voice models of Homer Simpson) thatemphasize one or more attributes of the voice for the different moods.For example, one passage of text can be associated with a “sad” HomerSimpson voice model, whereas another a “happy” Homer Simpson voice modeland a third with a “normal” Homer Simpson voice model.

Referring to FIG. 3, the text 50 is rendered on a user display 51 withthe addition of a visual indicium (e.g., highlighting) on differentportions of the text (e.g., portions 52, 53, and 54). The visualindicium (or lack of a indicium) indicates portions of the text thathave been associated with a particular character or voice model. Thevisual indicium is in the form of, for example, a semi-transparent blockof color over portions of the text, a highlighting, a different color ofthe text, a different font for the text, underlining, italicizing, orother visual indications (indicia) to emphasize different portions ofthe text. For example, in text 50 portions 52 and 54 are highlighted ina first color while another portion 53 is not highlighted. When thesystem 10 generates the narration of the text 50, different voice modelsare applied to the different portions associated with differentcharacters or voice models that are represented visually by the texthaving a particular visual indicia. For example, a first voice modelwill be used to read the first portions 52 and 54 while a second voicemodel (a different voice model) will be used to read the portion 53 ofthe text.

In some examples, text has some portions that have been associated witha particular character or voice model and others that have not. This isrepresented visually on the user interface as some portions exhibiting avisual indicium and others not exhibiting a visual indicium (e.g., thetext includes some highlighted portions and some non-highlightedportions). A default voice model can be used to provide the narrationfor the portions that have not been associated with a particularcharacter or voice model (e.g., all non-highlighted portions). Forexample, in a typical story much of the text relates to describing thescene and not to actual words spoken by characters in the story. Suchnon-dialog portions of the text may remain non-highlighted and notassociated with a particular character or voice model. These portionscan be read using the default voice (e.g., a narrator's voice) while thedialog portions may be associated with a particular character or voicemodel (and indicated by the highlighting) such that a different, uniquevoice is used for dialog spoken by each character in the story.

FIG. 3 also shows a menu 55 used for selection of portions of a text tobe read using different voice models. A user selects a portion of thetext by using an input device such as a keyboard or mouse to select aportion of the text, or, on devices with a touchscreen, a finger orstylus pointing device may be used to select text. Once the user hasselected a portion of the text, a drop down menu 55 is generated thatprovides a list of the different available characters (e.g., characters56, 58, and 60) that can be used for the narration. A character need notbe related directly to a particular character in a book or text, butrather provides a specification of the characteristics of a particularvoice model that is associated with the character. For example,different characters may have male versus female voices, may speak indifferent languages or with different accents, may read more quickly orslowly, etc. The same character can be associated with multipledifferent texts and can be used to read portions of the different texts.

Each character 56, 58, and 60 is associated with a particular voicemodel and with additional characteristics of the reading style of thecharacter such as language, volume, speed of narration. By selecting(e.g., using a mouse or other input device to click on) a particularcharacter 56, 58, or 60, the selected portion of the text is associatedwith the voice model for the character and will be read using the voicemodel associated with the character.

Additionally, the drop down menu includes a “clear annotation” button 62that clears previously applied highlighting and returns the portion oftext to non-highlighted such that it will be read by the Narrator ratherthan one of the characters. The Narrator is a character whose initialvoice is the computer's default voice, though this voice can beoverridden by the user. All of the words in the document or text caninitially all be associated with the Narrator. If a user selects textthat is associated with the Narrator, the user can then perform anaction (e.g. select from a menu) to apply another one of the charactersfor the selected portion of text. To return a previously highlightedportion to being read by the Narrator, the user can select the “clearannotation” button 62.

In order to make selection of the character more user friendly, the dropdown menu 55 can include an image (e.g., images 57, 59, and 61) of thecharacter. For example, one of the character voices can be similar tothe voice of the Fox television cartoon character Homer Simpson (e.g.,character 58), an image of Homer Simpson (e.g., image 59) could beincluded in the drop down menu 55. Inclusion of the images is believedto make selection of the desired voice model to apply to differentportions of the text more user friendly.

Referring to FIG. 4 a process 100 for selecting different characters orvoice models to be used when the system 10 reads a text is shown. Thesystem 10 displays 102 the text on a user interface. In response to auser selection, the system 10 receives 104 a selection of a portion ofthe text and displays 106 a menu of available characters each associatedwith a particular voice model. In response to a user selecting aparticular character (e.g., by clicking on the character from the menu),the system receives 108 the user selected character and associates theselected portion of the text with the voice model for the character. Thesystem 10 also generates a highlight 110 or generates some other type ofvisual indication to apply to that the portion of the text and indicatethat that portion of text is associated with a particular voice modeland will be read using the particular voice model when the user selectsto hear a narration of the text. The system 10 determines 112 if theuser is making additional selections of portions of the text toassociate with particular characters. If the user is making additionalselections of portions of the text, the system returns to receiving 104the user's selection of portions of the text, displays 106 the menu ofavailable characters, receives a user selection and generates a visualindication to apply to a subsequent portion of text.

As described above, multiple different characters are associated withdifferent voice models and a user associates different portions of thetext with the different characters. In some examples, the characters arepredefined and included in a database of characters having definedcharacteristics. For example, each character may be associated with aparticular voice model that includes parameters such as a relativevolume, and a reading speed. When the system 10 reads text havingdifferent portions associated with different characters, not only canthe voice of the characters differ, but other narration characteristicssuch as the relative volume of the different characters and how quicklythe characters read (e.g., how many words per minute) can also differ.

In some embodiments, a character can be associated with multiple voicemodels. If a character is associated with multiple voice models, thecharacter has multiple moods that can be selected by the user. Each moodhas an associated (single) voice model. When the user selects acharacter the user also selects the mood for the character such that theappropriate voice model is chosen. For example, a character could havemultiple moods in which the character speaks in a different language ineach of the moods. In another example, a character could have multiplemoods based on the type of voice or tone of voice to be used by thecharacter. For example, a character could have a happy mood with anassociated voice model and an angry mood using an angry voice with anassociated angry voice model. In another example, a character could havemultiple moods based on a story line of a text. For example, in thestory of the Big Bad Wolf, the wolf character could have a wolf mood inwhich the wolf speaks in a typical voice for the wolf (using anassociated voice model) and a grandma mood in which the wolf speaks in avoice imitating the grandmother (using an associated voice model).

FIG. 5 shows a screenshot of a user interface 120 on a user display 121for enabling a user to view the existing characters and modify, delete,and/or generate a character. With the interface, a user generates a castof characters for the text. Once a character has been generated, thecharacter will be available for associating with portions of the text(e.g., as discussed above). A set of all available characters isdisplayed in a cast members window 122. In the example shown in FIG. 5,the cast members window 122 includes three characters, a narrator 124,Charlie Brown 126, and Homer Simpson 128. From the cast members window122 the user can add a new character by selecting button 130, modify anexisting character by selecting button 132, and/or delete a character byselecting button 134.

The user interface for generating or modifying a voice model ispresented as an edit cast member window 136. In this example, thecharacter Charlie Brown has only one associated voice model to definethe character's voice, volume and other parameters, but as previouslydiscussed, a character could be associated with multiple voice models(not shown in FIG. 5). The edit cast member window 136 includes an inputportion 144 for receiving a user selection of a mood or character name.In this example, the mood of Charlie Brown has been input into inputportion 144. The character name can be associated with the story and/orassociated with the voice model. For example, if the voice modelemulates the voice of an elderly lady, the character could be named“grandma.”

In another example, if the text which the user is working on is Romeoand Juliet, the user could name one of the characters Romeo and anotherJuliet and use those characters to narrate the dialog spoken by each ofthe characters in the play. The edit cast member window 136 alsoincludes a portion 147 for selecting a voice to be associated with thecharacter. For example, the system can include a drop down menu ofavailable voices and the user can select a voice from the drop down menuof voices. In another example, the portion 147 for selecting the voicecan include an input block where the user can select and upload a filethat includes the voice. The edit cast member window 136 also includes aportion 145 for selecting the color or type of visual indicia to beapplied to the text selected by a user to be read using the particularcharacter. The edit cast member window 136 also includes a portion 149for selecting a volume for the narration by the character.

As shown in FIG. 5, a sliding scale is presented and a user moves aslider on the sliding scale to indicate a relative increase or decreasein the volume of the narration by the corresponding character. In someadditional examples, a drop down menu can include various volume optionssuch as very soft, soft, normal, loud, very loud. The edit cast memberwindow 136 also includes a portion 146 for selecting a reading speed forthe character. The reading speed provides an average number of words perminute that the computer system will read at when the text is associatedwith the character. As such, the portion for selecting the reading speedmodifies the speed at which the character reads. The edit cast memberwindow 136 also includes a portion 138 for associating an image with thecharacter. This image can be presented to the user when the user selectsa portion of the text to associate with a character (e.g., as shown inFIG. 3). The edit cast member window 136 can also include an input forselecting the gender of the character (e.g., as shown in block 140) andan input for selecting the age of the character (e.g., as shown in block142). Other attributes of the voice model can be modified in a similarmanner.

Referring to FIG. 6, a process 150 for generating elements of acharacter and its associated voice model are shown. The system displays152 a user interface for adding a character. The user inputs informationto define the character and its associated voice model. While thisinformation is shown as being received in a particular order in the flowchart, other orders can be used. Additionally, the user may not provideeach piece of information and the associated steps may be omitted fromthe process 150.

After displaying the user interface for adding a character, the systemreceives 154 a user selection of a character name. For example, the usercan type the character name into a text box on the user interface. Thesystem also receives 156 a user selection of a computer voice toassociate with the character. The voice can be an existing voiceselected from a menu of available voices or can be a voice stored on thecomputer and uploaded at the time the character is generated. The systemalso receives 158 a user selection of a type of visual indicia or colorfor highlighting the text in the document when the text is associatedwith the character. For example, the visual indicium or color can beselected from a list of available colors which have not been previouslyassociated with another character. The system also receives 160 a userselection of a volume for the character. The volume will provide therelative volume of the character in comparison to a baseline volume. Thesystem also receives 162 a user selection of a speed for the character'sreading. The speed will determine the average number of words per minutethat the character will read when narrating a text. The system stores164 each of the inputs received from the user in a memory for later use.If the user does not provide one or more of the inputs, the system usesa default value for the input. For example, if the user does not providea volume input, the system defaults to an average volume.

Different characters can be associated with voice models for differentlanguages. For example, if a text included portions in two differentlanguages, it can be beneficial to select portions of the text and havethe system read the text in the first language using a first characterwith a voice model in the first language and read the portion in thesecond language using a second character with a voice model in thesecond language. In applications in which the system uses atext-to-speech application in combination with a stored voice model toproduce computer generated speech, it can be beneficial for the voicemodels to be language specific in order for the computer to correctlypronounce and read the words in the text.

For example, text can include a dialog between two different charactersthat speak in different languages. In this example, the portions of thedialog spoken by a character in a first language (e.g., English) areassociated with a character (and associated voice model) that has avoice model associated with the first language (e.g., a character thatspeaks in English). Additionally, the portions of the dialog a secondlanguage (e.g., Spanish) are associated with a character (and associatedvoice model) speaks in the second language (e.g., Spanish). As such,when the system reads the text, portions in the first language (e.g.,English) are read using the character with an English-speaking voicemodel and portions of the text in the second language (e.g., Spanish)are read using a character with a Spanish-speaking voice model.

For example, different characters with voice models can be used to readan English as a second language (ESL) text in which it can be beneficialto read some of the portions using an English-speaking character andother portions using a foreign language-speaking character. In thisapplication, the portions of the ESL text written in English areassociated with a character (and associated voice model) that is anEnglish-speaking character. Additionally, the portions of the text inthe foreign (non-English) language are associated with a character (andassociated voice model) that is a character speaking the particularforeign language. As such, when the system reads the text, portions inEnglish are read using a character with an English-speaking voice modeland portions of the text in the foreign language are read using acharacter with a voice model associated with the foreign language.

While in the examples described above, a user selected portions of atext in a document to associate the text with a particular charactersuch that the system would use the voice model for the character whenreading that portion of the text, other techniques for associatingportions of text with a particular character can be used. For example,the system could interpret text-based tags in a document as an indicatorto associate a particular voice model with associated portions of text.

Referring to FIG. 7, a portion of an exemplary document rendered on auser display 171 that includes text based tags is shown. Here, theactors names are written inside square braces (using a technique that iscommon in theatrical play scripts). Each line of text has a charactername associated with the text. The character name is set out from thetext of the story or document with a set of brackets or other computerrecognizable indicator such as the pound key, an asterisks, parenthesis,a percent sign, etc. For example, the first line 172 shown in document170 includes the text “[Henry] Hi Sally!” and the second line 174includes the text “[Sally] Hi Henry, how are you?” Henry and Sally areboth characters in the story and character models can be generated toassociate a voice model, volume, reading speed, etc. with the character,for example, using the methods described herein. When the computersystem reads the text of document 170, the computer system recognizesthe text in brackets, e.g., [Henry] and [Sally], as an indicator of thecharacter associated with the following text and will not read the textincluded within the brackets. As such, the system will read the firstline “Hi Sally!” using the voice model associated with Henry and willread the second line “Hi Henry, how are you?” using the voice modelassociated with Sally.

Using the tags to indicate the character to associate with differentportions of the text can be beneficial in some circumstances. Forexample, if a student is given an assignment to write a play for anEnglish class, the student's work may go through multiple revisions withthe teacher before reaching the final product. Rather than requiring thestudent to re-highlight the text each time a word is changed, using thetags allows the student to modify the text without affecting thecharacter and voice model associated with the text. For example, in thetext of FIG. 7, if the last line was modified to read, “ . . . Hopefullyyou remembered to wear your gloves” from “ . . . Hopefully youremembered to wear your hat.” Due to the preceding tag of ‘[Sally]’ themodified text would automatically be read using the voice model forSally without requiring the user to take additional steps to have theword “gloves” read using the voice model for Sally.

Referring to FIG. 8, a screenshot 180 rendered on a user display 181 oftext that includes tagged portions associated with different charactersis shown. As described above, the character associated with a particularportion of the text is indicated in brackets preceding the text (e.g.,as shown in bracketed text 182, 184 and 186). In some situations, astory may include additional portions that are not to be read as part ofthe story. For example, in a play, stage motions or lighting cues may beincluded in the text but should not be spoken when the play is read.Such portions are skipped by the computer system when the computersystem is reading the text. A ‘skip’ indicator indicates portions oftext that should not be read by the computer system. In the exampleshown in FIG. 8, a skip indicator 188 is used to indicate that the text“She leans back in her chair” should not be read.

While in the examples above, the user indicated portions of the text tobe read using different voice models by either selecting the text oradding a tag to the text, in some examples the computer systemautomatically identifies text to be associated with different voicemodels. For example, the computer system can search the text of adocument to identify portions that are likely to be quotes or dialogspoken by characters in the story. By determining text associated withdialog in the story, the computer system eliminates the need for theuser to independently identify those portions.

Referring to FIG. 9, the computer system searches the text of a story200 (in this case the story of the Three Little Pigs) to identify theportions spoken by the narrator (e.g., the non-dialog portions). Thesystem associates all of the non-dialog portions with the voice modelfor the narrator as indicated by the highlighted portions 202, 206, and210. The remaining dialog-based portions 204, 208, and 212 areassociated with different characters and voice models by the user. Bypre-identifying the portions 204, 208, and 212 for which the user shouldselect a character, the computer system reduces the amount of timenecessary to select and associate voice models with different portionsof the story.

In some examples, the computer system can step through each of thenon-highlighted or non-associated portions and ask the user whichcharacter to associate with the quotation. For example, the computersystem could recognize that the first portion 202 of the text shown inFIG. 9 is spoken by the narrator because the portion is not enclosed inquotations. When reaching the first set of quotations including the text“Please man give me that straw to build me a house,” the computer systemcould request an input from the user of which character to associatewith the quotation. Such a process could continue until the entire texthad been associated with different characters.

In some additional examples, the system automatically selects acharacter to associate with each quotation based on the words of thetext using a natural language process. For example, line 212 of thestory shown in FIG. 9 recites “To which the pig answered ‘no, not by thehair of my chinny chin chin.” The computer system recognizes thequotation “no, not by the hair of my chinny chin chin” based on the textbeing enclosed in quotation marks. The system review the text leading upto or following the quotation for an indication of the speaker. In thisexample, the text leading up to the quotation states “To which the piganswered” as such, the system could recognize that the pig is thecharacter speaking this quotation and associate the quotation with thevoice model for the pig. In the event that the computer system selectsthe incorrect character, the user can modify the character selectionusing one or more of techniques described herein.

In some embodiments, the voice models associated with the characters canbe electronic Text-To-Speech (TTS) voice models. TTS voices artificiallyproduce a voice by converting normal text into speech. In some examples,the TTS voice models are customized based on a human voice to emulate aparticular voice. In other examples, the voice models are actual human(as opposed to a computer) voices generated by a human specifically fora document, e.g., high quality audio versions of books and the like. Forexample, the quality of the speech from a human can be better than thequality of a computer generated, artificially produced voice. While thesystem narrates text out loud and highlights each word being spoken,some users may prefer that the voice is recorded human speech, and not acomputer voice.

In order to efficiently record speech associated with a particularcharacter, the user can pre-highlight the text to be read by the personwho is generating the speech and/or use speech recognition software toassociate the words read by a user to the locations of the words in thetext. The computer system read the document pausing and highlighting theportions to be read by the individual. As the individual reads, thesystem records the audio. In another example, a list of all portions tobe read by the individual can be extracted from the document andpresented to the user. The user can then read each of the portions whilethe system records the audio and associates the audio with the correctportion of the text (e.g., by placing markers in an output fileindicating a corresponding location in the audio file). Alternatively,the system can provide a location at which the user should read and thesystem can record the audio and associate the text location with thelocation in the audio (e.g., by placing markers in the audio fileindicating a corresponding location in the document).

In “playback mode”, the system synchronizes the highlighting (or otherindicia) of each word as it is being spoken with an audio recording sothat each word is highlighted or otherwise visually emphasized on a userinterface as it is being spoken, in real time. Referring to FIG. 10 aprocess 230 for synchronizing the highlighting (or other visual indicia)of each word in an audio with a set of expected words so that each wordis visually emphasized on a user interface as it is being spoken isshown. The system processes 232 the audio recording using speechrecognition process executed on a computer. The system, using the speechrecognition process, generates 234 a time mark (e.g., an indication ofan elapsed time period from the start of the audio recording to eachword in the sequence of words) for each word and preferably, eachsyllable, that the speech recognition process recognizes. The system,using the speech recognition process, generates 236 an output file ofeach recognized word or syllable and the time it was recognized,relative to the start time of the recording (e.g., the elapsed time).Other parameters and measurements can be saved to the file. The systemcompares 238 the words in the speech recognition output to the words inthe original text (e.g., a set of expected words). The comparisonprocess compares one word from the original text at a time. Speechrecognition is an imperfect process, so even with a high qualityrecording like an audio book, there may be errors of recognition. Foreach word, based on the comparison of the word in the speech recognitionoutput to the expected word in the original text, the system determineswhether the word in the speech recognition output matches (e.g., is thesame as) the word in the original text. If the word from the originaltext matches the recognized word, the word is output 240 with the timeof recognition to a word timing file. If the words do not match, thesystem applies 242 a correcting process to find (or estimate) a timingfor the original word. The system determines 244 if there are additionalwords in the original text, and if so, returns to determining 238whether the word in the speech recognition output matches (e.g., is thesame as) the word in the original text. If not, the system ends 246 thesynchronization process.

The correcting process can use a number of methods to find the correcttiming from the speech recognition process or to estimate a timing forthe word. For example, the correcting process can iteratively comparethe next words until it finds a match between the original text and therecognized text, which leaves it with a known length of mis-matchedwords. The correcting process can, for example, interpolate the times toget a time that is in-between the first matched word and the lastmatched word in this length of mis-matched words. Alternatively, if thenumber of syllables matches in the length of mis-matched words, thecorrecting process assumes the syllable timings are correct, and setsthe timing of the first mis-matched word according to the number ofsyllables. For example, if the mis-matched word has 3 syllables, thetime of that word can be associated with the time from the 3^(rd)syllable in the recognized text.

Another technique involves using linguistic metrics based onmeasurements of the length of time to speak certain words, syllables,letters and other parts of speech. These metrics can be applied to theoriginal word to provide an estimate for the time needed to speak thatword.

Alternatively, a word timing indicator can be produced by closeintegration with a speech recognizer. Speech recognition is a complexprocess which generates many internal measurements, variables andhypotheses. Using these very detailed speech recognition measurements inconjunction with the original text (the text that is known to bespeaking) could produce highly accurate hypotheses about the timing ofeach word. The techniques described above could be used, but with theadditional information from the speech recognition engine, betterresults could be achieved. The old speech recognition engine would bepart of the new word timing indicator.

Additionally, methods of determining the timings of each word could befacilitated by a software tool that provides a user with a visualdisplay of the recognized words, the timings, the original words andother information, preferably in a timeline display. The user would beable to quickly make an educated guess as to the timings of each wordusing the information on this display. This software tool provides theuser with an interface for the user to indicate which word should beassociated with which timing, and to otherwise manipulate and correctthe word timing file.

Other associations between the location in the audio file and thelocation in the document can be used. For example, such an associationcould be stored in a separate file from both the audio file and thedocument, in the audio file itself, and/or in the document.

In some additional examples, a second type of highlighting, referred toherein as “playback highlighting,” is displayed by the system duringplayback or reading of a text in order to annotate the text and providea reading location for the user. This playback highlighting occurs in aplayback mode of the system and is distinct from the highlighting thatoccurs when a user selects text, or the voice painting highlighting thatoccurs in an editing mode used to highlight sections of the textaccording to an associated voice model. In this playback mode, forexample, as the system reads the text (e.g., using a TTS engine or byplaying stored audio), the system tracks the location in the text of thewords currently being spoken or produced. The system highlights orapplies another visual indicia (e.g., bold font, italics, underlining, amoving ball or other pointer, change in font color) on a user interfaceto allow a user to more easily read along with the system. One exampleof a useful playback highlighting mode is to highlight each word (andonly that word) as it is being spoken by the computer voice. The systemplays back and reads aloud any text in the document, including, forexample, the main story of a book, footnotes, chapter titles and alsouser-generated text notes that the system allows the user to type in.However, as noted herein, some sections or portions of text may beskipped, for example, the character names inside text tags, textindicated by use of the skip indicator, and other types of text asallowed by the system.

In some examples, the text can be rendered as a single document with ascroll bar or page advance button to view portions of the text that donot fit on a current page view, for example, text such as a wordprocessor (e.g., Microsoft Word), document, a PDF document, or otherelectronic document. In some additional examples, the two-dimensionaltext can be used to generate a simulated three-dimensional book view asshown in FIG. 11.

Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, a text that includes multiple pages can beformatted into the book view shown in FIG. 11 where two pages arearranged side-by-side and the pages are turned to reveal two new pages.Highlighting and association of different characters and voice modelswith different portions of the text can be used with both standard andbook-view texts. In the case of a book-view text, the computer systemincludes page turn indicators which synchronize the turning of the pagein the electronic book with the reading of the text in the electronicbook. In order to generate the book-view from a document such as Word orPDF document, the computer system uses the page break indicators in thetwo-dimensional document to determine the locations of the breaksbetween the pages. Page turn indicators are added to every other page ofthe book view.

A user may desire to share a document with the associated characters andvoice models with another individual. In order to facilitate in suchsharing, the associations of a particular character with portions of adocument and the character models for a particular document are storedwith the document. When another individual opens the document, theassociations between the assigned characters and different portions ofthe text are already included with the document.

Text-To-Speech (TTS) voice models associated with each character can bevery large (e.g., from 15-250 Megabytes) and it may be undesirable tosend the entire voice model with the document, especially if a documentuses multiple voice models. In some embodiments, in order to eliminatethe need to provide the voice model, the voice model is noted in thecharacter definition and the system looks for the same voice model onthe computer of the person receiving the document. If the voice model isavailable on the person's computer, the voice model is used. If thevoice model is not available on the computer, metadata related to theoriginal voice model such as gender, age, ethnicity, and language areused to select a different available voice model that is similar to thepreviously used voice model.

In some additional examples, it can be beneficial to send all neededvoice models with the document itself to reduce the likelihood that therecipient will not have appropriate voice models installed on theirsystem to play the document. However, due to the size of the TTS voicemodels and of human voice-based voice models comprised of storeddigitized audio, it can be prohibitive to send the entire voice model.As such, a subset of words (e.g., a subset of TTS generated words or asubset of the stored digitized audio of the human voice model) can besent with the document where the subset of words includes only the wordsthat are included in the documents. Because the number of unique wordsin a document is typically substantially less than all of the words inthe English language, this can significantly reduce the size of thevoice files sent to the recipient. For example, if a TTS speechgenerator is used, the TTS engine generates audio files (e.g., wavefiles) for words and those audio files are stored with the text so thatit is not necessary to have the TTS engine installed on a machine toread the text. The number of audio files stored with the text can vary,for example, a full dictionary of audio files can be stored. In anotherexample, only the unique audio files associated with words in the textare stored with the text. This allows the amount of memory necessary tostore the audio files to be substantially less than if all words arestored. In other examples, where human voice-based voice modelscomprised of stored digitized audio are used to provide the narration ofa text, either all of the words in the voice model can be stored withthe text or only a subset of the words that appear in the text may bestored. Again, storing only the subset of words included in the textreduces the amount of memory needed to store the files.

In some additional examples, only a subset of the voice models are sentto the recipient. For example, it might be assumed that the recipientwill have at least one acceptable voice model installed on theircomputer. This voice model could be used for the narrator and only thevoice models or the recorded speech for the characters other than thenarrator would need to be sent to the recipient.

In some additional examples, in addition to associating voice models toread various portions of the text, a user can additionally associatesound effects with different portions of the text. For example, a usercan select a particular place within the text at which a sound effectshould occur and/or can select a portion of the text during which aparticular sound effect such as music should be played. For example, ifa script indicates that eerie music plays, a user can select thoseportions of the text and associate a music file (e.g., a wave file) ofeerie music with the text. When the system reads the story, in additionto reading the text using an associated voice model (based on voicemodel highlighting), the system also plays the eerie music (based on thesound effect highlighting).

The systems and methods described herein can be implemented in digitalelectronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software,web-enabled applications, or in combinations thereof. Data structuresused to represent information can be stored in memory and in persistentstorage. Apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computerprogram product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage devicefor execution by a programmable processor and method actions can beperformed by a programmable processor executing a program ofinstructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on inputdata and generating output. The invention can be implementedadvantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processorcoupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data andinstructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, andat least one output device. Each computer program can be implemented ina high-level procedural or object oriented programming language, or inassembly or machine language if desired, and in any case, the languagecan be a compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include,by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors.Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from aread-only memory and/or a random access memory. Generally, a computerwill include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files,such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks andremovable disks magneto-optical disks and optical disks. Storage devicessuitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and datainclude all forms of non-volatile memory, including, by way of example,semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices; magnetic disks such as, internal hard disks and removabledisks; magneto-optical disks; and CD_ROM disks. Any of the foregoing canbe supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specificintegrated circuits).

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection (e.g., the copyrighted namesmentioned herein). This material and the characters used herein are forexemplary purposes only. The characters are owned by their respectivecopyright owners.

Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims:

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer implemented method, comprising:receiving a user-based selection of a first portion of words in adocument, at least of portion of the document being displayed on a userinterface on a display device, the document being pre-associated with afirst voice model; applying, by the one or more computers, in responseto the user-based selection of the first portion of words, a first setof indicia to the user-selected first portion of words in the document;and overwriting the association of the first voice model, by the one ormore computers, with a second voice model for the first portion ofwords.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the words in the first portionof words are narrated using the second voice model and at least some ofthe other words in the document are narrated using the first voicemodel.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:associating, by the one or more computers, the first voice model withthe document, prior to receiving the user-based selection of the firstportion of words.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the words in thefirst portion of words are narrated using the second voice model andremaining words in the document are narrated using the first voicemodel.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voice model comprisesa default voice model.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:applying, in response to a user-based selection of a second portion ofwords in the document, a second highlighting indicium to theuser-selected second portion of words in the document; and associating athird voice model to the second portion of words.
 7. The method of claim6, wherein during reading of document, words in the first portion ofwords are narrated using the second voice model, words in the secondportion of words are narrated using the third voice model and remainingwords are narrated using the first voice model.
 8. The method of claim1, further comprising: receiving the user selection of one of aplurality of narration voice models to associate with the selectedportion of words.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving a user selection of one of a plurality of narration voicemodels to associate with the at least some portions of the document. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the user selection of one of aplurality of narration voice models comprises receiving the selection inresponse to a user selecting a voice model from a drop down menu. 11.The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the computersystem, an audible output corresponding to the words in the documentwhere the words in the first portion of words are narrated using thefirst voice model and the remaining words are narrated using one or moreother voice models.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:modifying one or both of the first and second voice models by at leastone of modifying a reading speed associated with the voice model,modifying a volume associated with the voice model, modifying the genderof the character associated with the voice model, modifying the age ofthe character and modifying a language of the voice model.
 13. Acomputer program product residing on a computer readable medium, thecomputer program product comprising instructions for causing a processorto: receive a user-based selection of a first portion of words in adocument, at least of portion of the document being displayed on a userinterface on a display device, the document being pre-associated with afirst voice model; apply, in response to the user-based selection of thefirst portion of words, a first set of indicia to the user-selectedfirst portion of words in the document; and overwrite the association ofthe first voice model, by the one or more computers, with a second voicemodel for the first portion of words.
 14. The computer program productof claim 13, wherein the computer program product further comprisesinstructions for causing the processor to: narrate the words in thefirst portion of words using the second voice model and narrate at leastsome of the other words in the document using the first voice model. 15.The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer programproduct further comprises instructions for causing the processor to:narrate the words in the first portion of words using the second voicemodel; and narrate remaining words in the document using the first voicemodel.
 16. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein thecomputer program product further comprises instructions for causing theprocessor to: Apply, in response to a user-based selection of a secondportion of words in the document, a second highlighting indicium to theuser-selected second portion of words in the document; and associate athird voice model to the second portion of words.
 17. The computerprogram product of claim 13, wherein the computer program productfurther comprises instructions for causing the processor to: receive auser selection of one of a plurality of narration voice models toassociate with the at least some portions of the document.
 18. Thecomputer program product of claim 13, wherein the computer programproduct further comprises instructions for causing the processor to:modify one or both of the first and second voice models by at least oneof modifying a reading speed associated with the voice model, modifyinga volume associated with the voice model, modifying the gender of thecharacter associated with the voice model, modifying the age of thecharacter and modifying a language of the voice model.
 19. A systemcomprising: a memory; and a computing device configured to: receive auser-based selection of a first portion of words in a document, at leastof portion of the document being displayed on a user interface on adisplay device, the document being pre-associated with a first voicemodel; apply, in response to the user-based selection of the firstportion of words, a first set of indicia to the user-selected firstportion of words in the document; and overwrite the association of thefirst voice model, by the one or more computers, with a second voicemodel for the first portion of words.
 20. The system of claim 19,wherein the computing device is further configured: narrate the words inthe first portion of words using the second voice model and narrate atleast some of the other words in the document using the first voicemodel.
 21. The system of claim 19, wherein the computing device isfurther configured to: narrate the words in the first portion of wordsusing the second voice model; and narrate remaining words in thedocument using the first voice model.
 22. The system of claim 19,wherein the computing device is further configured to: Apply, inresponse to a user-based selection of a second portion of words in thedocument, a second highlighting indicium to the user-selected secondportion of words in the document; and associate a third voice model tothe second portion of words.
 23. The system of claim 19, wherein thecomputing device is further configured to: receive a user selection ofone of a plurality of narration voice models to associate with the atleast some portions of the document.
 24. The system of claim 19, whereinthe computing device is further configured to: modify one or both of thefirst and second voice models by at least one of modifying a readingspeed associated with the voice model, modifying a volume associatedwith the voice model, modifying the gender of the character associatedwith the voice model, modifying the age of the character and modifying alanguage of the voice model.